Social encapsulation of beetle parasites by Cape honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera capensis Esch.)

Worker honeybees (Apis mellifera capensi s) encapsulate the small hive beetle (Aethina tumid a), a nest parasite, in propolis (tree resin collected by the bees). The encapsulation process lasts 1-4 days and the bees have a sophisticated guarding strategy for limiting the escape of beetles during encapsulation. Some encapsulated beetles died (4.9%) and a few escaped (1.6%). Encapsulation has probably evolved because the small hive beetle cannot easily be killed by the bees due to its hard exoskeleton and defensive behaviour.